Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol stipulates that increases in carbon stocks through afforestation and similar activities from 1990 onward should be converted to and calculated as greenhouse gas emissions reductions, but that reduction in forest areas counted as carbon stocks after 1990 caused by the conversion of forest to urban land or agricultural land use should be calculated as emissions increases. These are defined as land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF). The specific rules for making use of LULUCF activities were discussed at the COP7 meeting in 2001, where four additional activities (forest land management, grazing land management, re-vegetation, and cropland management) were adopted (in the Marrakech Accords) for the choice of member countries during the first phase of obligations under the Kyoto Protocol. Later, in accordance with proposals by Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica, the need to take measures to reduce emissions caused by deforestation in developing countries, for which an appropriate framework had not been provided in the Kyoto Protocol, was recognized at the COP 11 meeting in 2005. How this process has developed up to the present is shown below.

A Brief History of REDD/REDD+

Year	Meeting Name (Location)	Key Points
1997	COP3 (Kyoto)	Adoption of Kyoto Protocol	Article 3 Provision related to forest-related sinks	Discussions on LULUCF in developed countries
2001	COP7 (Marrakech)	Marrakech Accords	Adoption of rules for application of LULUCF activities
2005	COP11 (Montreal)	Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica proposed the idea of issuing carbon credits from REDD and avoiding deforestation　in developing countries. It was decided that the related discussions should be concluded within two years. Subsequently, the SBSTA (Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice) and workshops coordinated by SBSTA started their reviews.	REDD proposed for negotiations
2007	COP13 (Bali)	The Bali Road Map was adopted. The member state governments decided to engage in national and international actions against climate change by considering “Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions fromdeforestation and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries.” The adoption of the Bali Road Map resulted in the broader concept of REDD+, which also includes consideration of the roles of forest conservation, sustainable forest management, and increasing forest area carbon stocks.	Development from REDD to REDD+
2009	COP15 (Copenhagen)	Member states took note of the following statement, which was included in the Copenhagen Accord: “We recognize the crucial role of reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation and the need to enhance removals of greenhouse gas emission by forests and agree on the need to provide positive incentives to such actions through the immediate establishment of a mechanism including REDD-plus, to enable the mobilization of financial resources from developed countries.”	Reconfirmation of the importance of REDD+
2010	COP16 (Cancun)	Following from the Copenhagen Accord, the Cancun Agreements were adopted, which included respect by developing countries for indigenous populations, and also development of working milestones to determine monitoring methods through the efforts of SBSTA.	Proposal on specific work to implement REDD+

• Source:
• Yamamoto Hiroki, Takeuchi Kenji (2011) “The role of REDD+ in climate change mitigation,” from the website of the National Institute for Environmental Studies, Center for Global Environmental Research. (Japanese Only)